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高中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞教案
所謂教案的藝術(shù)性就是構(gòu)思巧妙，能讓學(xué)生在課堂上不僅能學(xué)到知識(shí)，而且得到藝術(shù)的欣賞和快樂的體驗(yàn)。教案要成為一篇獨(dú)具特色“課堂教學(xué)散文”或者是課本劇。所以，開頭、經(jīng)過、結(jié)尾要層層遞進(jìn)，扣人心弦，達(dá)到立體教學(xué)效果。教師的說、談、問、講等課堂語言要字斟句酌，該說的一個(gè)字不少說，不該說的一個(gè)字也不能說，要做到恰當(dāng)?shù)陌才拧?/p>
高中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞教案1
非謂語動(dòng)詞
【非謂語動(dòng)詞】
構(gòu)成：(to)+動(dòng)詞原形 動(dòng)詞不定式
非 在句中的作用(除謂語動(dòng)詞外的任何成分) 謂 構(gòu)成：V.-ing 語 動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng) 用法(主、賓、表、定) 詞
構(gòu)成：V. -ing / V.-ed(規(guī)則變化) 分詞
用法(表、補(bǔ)、定、狀)
(一)動(dòng)名詞
一、動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成：動(dòng)名詞一般由“動(dòng)詞原形+ing”構(gòu)成 二、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能 功能 例句
說明
主語
Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多對(duì)你的健康有害。
謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
賓語 動(dòng)詞賓語
介詞賓語 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜歡打籃球。
Stamps are used for sending letters.郵票是被用來寄信的。
表示一般的習(xí)慣或抽象行為或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。 表語 His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多數(shù)情況下，動(dòng)名詞作表語可轉(zhuǎn)化成作主語。
定語
She is in the reading room.她在閱覽室。
We should improve our teaching methods.我們應(yīng)該改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。
只表明它所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等。置于所修飾詞之前。
注意：英語中有一些詞后面常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語。我們初中階段常見的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem(in), spend...(in), feel like, be used to(習(xí)慣于), give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我們可按下面的順口溜記憶這些詞。 完成實(shí)踐值得忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy) 繼續(xù)習(xí)慣別放棄(keep on, be used to, give up)
考慮建議不禁想(consider, suggest, can't help, feel like) 喜歡思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind)
(二)動(dòng)詞不定式 一、動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的構(gòu)成
不定時(shí)的基本形式為：to+動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí)可以不用to，這里的to 是不定式符號(hào)，本身無詞義，動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)動(dòng)詞原形。
二、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能 功能 例句 說明
主語
To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 講英語對(duì)我們來說不容易。
作主語用的不定式，常常用it作形式主語，而把不定式放在后面。 表語 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打掃這間
屋子。
多數(shù)情況下，不定式作表語，可轉(zhuǎn)換作為
主語。
賓語 —What sports does he like to play?他喜歡做什么運(yùn)動(dòng)? —He likes to play basketball.他喜歡打籃球。 只能做某些動(dòng)詞的賓語，一般不作介詞的賓語。
賓補(bǔ)
My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我媽媽讓我一直彈鋼琴。
在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官動(dòng)詞后，不定式省略to。
定語 Have you got anything to say? 你有要說的嗎?
不定式作定語，要放在所修飾詞的后面。 狀語 I'm sorry to trouble you.(表原因)很抱歉，給你添麻煩
了。
I went to the library to study English.(表目的)
不定式作狀語，其邏輯主語要和句子的主語一致。
1. 不定式作主語
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，而將真正的主語放在句末
其結(jié)構(gòu)為：It+be+adj.(+ for/ of sb.)+動(dòng)詞不定式
如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment.
注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品質(zhì)的形容詞后，不用for而用of。如： It's very kind of you to help me. 你幫助我真是太好啦。 It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那樣做真是太聰明啦。 2. 不定式作賓語
① 有些謂語動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式作賓語，常見的這類詞是表示命令、打算或希望的，如： would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。如： Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看電影嗎?
②在find, think后跟不定式作賓語時(shí)，常用it代替，而將真正的賓語放在后面。如： I find it easy to read English every day. ③常見的一些不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式
Why not do..., Why don't you do..., had better(not)do..., would rather do
could/would/will you please(not)do...
I would rather stay in the room.我寧愿待在房間里。 3. 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)與賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如： Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. 露西讓他關(guān)小收音機(jī)。
tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如： My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我媽媽鼓勵(lì)我學(xué)日語。
注意：還有一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞也用不定式作賓補(bǔ)，這時(shí)不定式要省略to。這些動(dòng)詞有：
一感(feel)、二聽(hear, listen to)、三讓(let, make, have)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)。但變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，必須加上to。如：
My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板讓我的朋友們工作了一整夜。 4. 不定式作定語
①不定式作定語時(shí)，應(yīng)放在名詞之后。它與名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
�、谌绻遣患拔飫�(dòng)詞，且與所修飾的詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要在不定式后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒有什么可擔(dān)心的。
5.不定式常和疑問詞what, which, when, where, how連用，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)賓語從句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老師正告訴學(xué)生們做什么。 He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。
非謂語動(dòng)詞
定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語動(dòng)詞�？煞譃槿N：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
一.后面可跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式的情況
1.動(dòng)詞： finish doing sth.完成做某事;enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事;practice doing sth. 練習(xí)做某事;imagine doing,想象做某事;avoid doing sth.避免做某事;consider doing sth.考慮做某事;suggest doing sth.建議做某事;mind doing sth.介意做某事; keep doing sth.持續(xù)做某事 2.固定短語： feel like doing sth.喜歡做某事;be busy doing sth.忙于做某事;be worth doing 值得做某事;spend time (in) doing sth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間(金錢)做某事; have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困難;have fun doing.做某事高興
3.介詞后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)
如：be good at doing sth.;thank you for doing sth.;give up doing sth.;stop sb. from doing sth.;do well in doing sth.;be afraid of doing sth.;be interested in doing sth.;be proud of;instead of;be fond of
4.to作介詞的情況look forward to doing sth期望做某事; prefer doing sth. to doing sth與…相比較更喜歡…; pay attention to doing注意做某事; be/get used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于做某事;
二.后面可跟動(dòng)詞的不定式形式的情況
1.動(dòng)詞：agree to do同意去做;afford to do買得起;decide to do決定去做某事;hope to do希望去做;wish to do希望去做;fail to do做某事失敗去;plan to do打算去做;pretend to do假裝去做; refuse to do拒絕去做;would like to do想要去做;want to do想要去做某事;learn to do 學(xué)做;prefer to do sth. 喜歡(愛)做某事;sb. seem to do sth好像做某事;want/would like to do sth.
高中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞教案2
在做單選題，如果遇到非謂語動(dòng)詞，可以根據(jù)句中的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語的主被動(dòng)形式和非謂語的“時(shí)態(tài)”三個(gè)角度，從語言的結(jié)構(gòu)到語義由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜依次排選。
第一步：根據(jù)非謂語形式在句中可作的成分來分析空白處可填入的非謂語形式，看能否在不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞幾個(gè)形式之間先排除一個(gè)或幾個(gè)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可作成分一覽表
主語賓語表語定語狀語賓補(bǔ)
不定式√√√√√√
分詞√√√√
動(dòng)名詞√√√√
注：1).theÇ分詞也可用作主語和賓語;
2).現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不作定語。
1. 非謂語形式作主語或賓語時(shí)，除“theÇ分詞”外一般只能用不定式或動(dòng)名詞。其中不定式作介詞的賓語時(shí)要使用“特殊疑問詞Ç不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2. 作狀語時(shí)，不定式表示目的以及so/as¼to do和(only)to do中的結(jié)果狀語，其它狀語都用分詞來表示。
例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
(“非謂語Ç主句”模式中，非謂語在句首而且由逗號(hào)與主句隔開，此句中的不定式只作目的狀語;此時(shí)的分詞表示時(shí)間、原因或條件狀語，有時(shí)分詞前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等連詞，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.)
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
(不定式在句中作目的狀語時(shí)它前面不能用逗號(hào))
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
(不定式在主句之后，又有逗號(hào)與主句隔開時(shí)常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主語意料的結(jié)果)
第二步：在第一步的基礎(chǔ)上從非謂語的主被動(dòng)形式這個(gè)角度進(jìn)行篩選。
1. 非謂語用作主語或狀語時(shí)，一般根據(jù)它們的邏輯主語來判斷主被動(dòng)形式的選用;若無邏輯主語，則以主句主語為判斷對(duì)象。
例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
(作狀語的分詞邏輯主語和主句主語相同時(shí)，邏輯主語常省去)
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
(不帶邏輯主語的不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，通�？醋鞯谝蝗朔Q的邏輯主語省略)
注意以下特殊情況中非謂語一律用主動(dòng)式：
�、僦髡ZÇ系動(dòng)詞Ç形容詞Ç不定式
②need/want/require(需要) Çdoing
�、踒e worth doing
2. 作賓語或表語時(shí)，要根據(jù)主句主語來分析主被動(dòng)形式。
例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.
3. 作定語時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)被修飾詞來選用主被動(dòng)形式。
例如：1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)了作定語的不定式動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用主動(dòng)式，否則用被動(dòng)式)
4. 作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語主被動(dòng)形式要根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語的關(guān)系來確定。
例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步：經(jīng)過第一、二兩步分析仍未能作出最后選擇時(shí)，可能會(huì)剩下不定式和分詞內(nèi)部不同的式之間的選擇，即非謂語的“時(shí)態(tài)”，這時(shí)可通過比較非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的先后來判別。
1. 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
�、俦硎痉侵^語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在謂語之后;
例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
�、诒硎九c謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的一個(gè)全過程動(dòng)作或謂語當(dāng)時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)。
例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2.不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing 和現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式doing/being done只用來表示非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3.不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having done/having been done均表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。
例如：1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4.詞常表示發(fā)生在謂語之前而及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞則可以指發(fā)生在謂語之前或與謂語同時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非謂語形式正確而詞義仍不同者則需從句義來考慮。
非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時(shí)發(fā)生)
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。)
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)
2.動(dòng)名詞
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí))
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。)
3.分詞
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
非謂語動(dòng)詞的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較
(1)一般說來動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作;而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：
1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語，常常是句子的主語或句中的某個(gè)詞;而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：
1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想閑坐著。)(指自己)
2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜歡開會(huì)不說會(huì)后亂說。)(可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人)
(3)有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦...
1不定式作賓語
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ; 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2 不定式作補(bǔ)語
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?/p>
b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用�，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge ,imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3 不定式主語
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
5 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作狀語
1)目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you.
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
8 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：
admit to承認(rèn)， confess to承認(rèn)，
be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于， be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather，had better：
5) Why… / why not…：
6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7) but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式�？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說不出話來。
I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)改過不嫌晚。
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如： Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假?
14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的
2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：
1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
1. 分詞的定義 動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞，是由動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。 2. 過去分詞的語法作用：
過去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。
1) 過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過去分詞做定語：
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國(guó)專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號(hào)隔開。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國(guó)人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。
3) 過去分詞做狀語：
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了，停止了爭(zhēng)吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭(zhēng)。
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞。如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會(huì)，他會(huì)做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會(huì)變成水蒸氣。
�、鼙碜尣剑喈�(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
�、荼矸绞交虬殡S情況。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4) 過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語：
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，用作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，過去分詞用作主語補(bǔ)語。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì)。
二、特別提醒
1. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來這里時(shí)，他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 動(dòng)詞have后所接的三種賓語補(bǔ)語：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語，分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：
�、僦髡Z讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。
�、谥髡Z遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他失去了一只眼睛。
3. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式作定語的三種形式：
the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 (表示將來的動(dòng)作)
the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 (表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
the bridge built 造好的橋 (表示完成的動(dòng)作)
4. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作表語的區(qū)別：
過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受，而-ing分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征，如：
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 聽到那個(gè)消息，我們感到很驚訝
The news is very surprising. 這個(gè)消息很令人驚訝。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到這么動(dòng)人的情景，所有在場(chǎng)的人都感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚。
英語中這樣的分詞還有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作定語的區(qū)別：
過去分詞作定語和-ing分詞作定語有一定的區(qū)別。試比較下面幾組短語：
boiled water開水 boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發(fā)展的國(guó)家 developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家
fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化著的情況
由此可見，過去分詞作定語通常表示完成的或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作;而-ing分詞作定語可以表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
三、提高練習(xí)
1. I’m going to have my car ________ .
A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix
2. What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by
4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played
11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.
A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught
12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick
13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ? ---Last week.
A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted
14. The children were found _________ in the cave.
A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped
15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.
A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain
16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.
A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing
17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.
A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make
18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.
A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak
19. ______ from space, the earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.
A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered
20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.
A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly
1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A
11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A
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